FRM考試中有大量的計(jì)算題，因此是需要用到FRM公式的?？忌谄匠５膫淇贾幸欢ㄒ炀氄莆?，并且還需要能夠熟練運(yùn)用。有考生咨詢到，在實(shí)際的FRM考試中，會(huì)提供FRM公式表嗎？

在考試中，是不會(huì)提供任何FRM公式的，因此，都是需要考生自己在平常中記憶的。下面是小編列舉的有關(guān)FRM二級金融市場相關(guān)的FRM公式表。

Blockchain Technology：》》》戳：各科視頻講義+歷年真題+21年原版書（PDF版）免·費(fèi)領(lǐng)取

In finance, transaction history can be recorded in a blockchain. This information can be kept in

multiple locations in the chain indefinitely, which creates a highly secure record of transactions.

Bitcoin is a P2P payment system that uses blockchain technology.

Fintech and Market Structure：

Fintech refers to firms focused on financial innovation through the application of technology.

Bigtech refers to large, established technology companies. Market structure refers to factors benefiting financial markets as well as factors that determine risks. Drivers of market structure are APIs, mobile banking, cloud computing, the EU’s revised Payment Services Directive (PSD2).

Digital Money：

Types of money or payment include (1) central bank money (issued by a central bank), (2) cryptocurrency (issued on the blockchain by nonbanks), (3) b-money (issued by banks), (4) e-money (electronic money offered by the private sector), and (5) i-money (investment money issued by private investment funds).E-money characteristics that encourage widespread adoption are convenience, ubiquity, complementarity, low transaction costs, trust, and network effects.

Big Data：》》》點(diǎn)我咨詢21年FRM備考技巧

Large datasets require tools that are more advanced than simple spreadsheet analysis. Overfitting and variable selection are ongoing challenges. Tools for analyzing big datasets include (1) classification and regression trees, (2) cross-validation, (3) conditional inference trees, (4) random forests, and (5) penalized regression.

Machine Learning (ML)：

Uses algorithms that allow computers to learn without programming. Supervised ML predicts

outcomes based on specific inputs, whereas unsupervised ML analyzes data to identify patterns

without estimating a dependent variable. ML can be applied to three classes of statistical problems: (1) regression, (2) classification, and (3) clustering.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)：

The growing use of fintech, including AI and ML, is driven by cost savings and increased revenue.

Firms use AI and ML to evaluate credit quality, optimize capital allocation, assess trading impacts,

predict changes in securities prices and price volatility, and perform regulatory functions in financial markets.【資料下載】點(diǎn)擊下載融躍教育FRM考試公式表

Climate-Related Risks：

Climate change generates (1) physical risks, which result from the physical impacts of climate change (e.g., fires, floods, heatwaves), and (2) transition risks, which result from the migration of energy and industry transitions in response to climate change risk (e.g., policy and reputational risks).

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